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Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. Philip died shortly after the negotiations. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. I'm beginning to wonder if all of the kings beginning with the conquest weren't a little off their rocker in some way. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. The future Henry VIII, in contrast,. That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). This meant that Henry had been the rightful King in the battle and that Richard had been the usurper, and those who supported him had been traitors. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. [20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. Wolf Hall this is not. Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Poor Henry VII. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. Possession of something the French King wanted also made the Duke of Brittany safer in his own duchy. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. 4. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. 1517. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. (HIST003) Persecutions, Populations and Politics: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST004) Country, Colonies and Culture: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST006) The Stuart Court: History Politics and Culture, (HIST010) The Tudors: History, Culture and Religion, (HIST011) The English Country House: History, Architecture and Landscape, (HIST018) The Changing English Countryside, 20th Century Musicals: A Celebration of Song and Dance on the Silver Screen and the Stage. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. There he found more English fugitives, willing to invade England in support of Henry, and bearing news that Richard III had serious plans to marry the princess Elizabeth himself. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. Please check your email to confirm your subscription. (ROYAL HISTORY) Directors Stuart Elliott Genres Documentary, International Subtitles English [CC] Audio languages English. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. [68] In 1505 he was sufficiently interested in a potential marriage to Joanna of Naples that he sent ambassadors to Naples to report on the 27-year-old Joanna's physical suitability. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. Sometimes when reading nonfiction of this type, I never know if it is going to be dry and dull or not. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. For him, it was never about glory and battle. Henry was devastated. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. He invited artists, musicians and scholars to live at his court. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. (1): (April 24, 1883. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. 24th April 2023 - courses open for registrations. Corrections? More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. 7.1 59min 2013 16+. [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. His first chance came in 1483 when his aid was sought to rally Lancastrians in support of the rebellion of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, but that revolt was defeated before Henry could land in England. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. With the assistance of the Italian merchant banker Lodovico della Fava and the Italian banker Girolamo Frescobaldi, Henry VII became deeply involved in the trade by licensing ships, obtaining alum from the Ottoman Empire, and selling it to the Low Countries and in England. Thus, Henry Tudor had no choice but to gather together an army including mercenary soldiers as well as his own supporters, and he landed in Wales in August, 1485. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. "King Henry VII" redirects here. More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. His second son, also called Henry, inherited the throne and became . [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. Updates? However, King Henry the VIII was much more self-centered as most of his spending was inappropriate and did not benefit England much. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. After the Holy Roman Emperor . To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. It took Henry, who in any case needed to marry her if the expected issue was to solve the succession problem, some six years to achieve their joint purpose. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. Henry then cemented his claim to the throne and his dynastic ambitions by marrying Elizabeth of York and bringing the Houses of Lancaster and York together; the red rose and white rose combined to become the Tudor rose. Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce.