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The war was going badly for England. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? 14-16 / The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Copy. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. 214 High Street, Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. he could also overthrow her. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Student / VAT reg no 816865400. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. 214 High Street, - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! By 1568 most people had accepted. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. (*fragmentary*). What were the causes of westward By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Boston House, Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Overview of Elizabeth I / The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. West Yorkshire, [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. to answer the Section Focus Question: Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Boston Spa, No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. . Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Write a paragraph or two. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Why was France a threat? The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Those who refused this were sent to prison. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . - navy to firth of Forth. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Boston House, Doodle's Point of View English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. France was at war with England and Spain. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. West Yorkshire, There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Boston Spa, Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. J. 214 High Street, Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Company Reg no: 04489574. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . and reversing the religious settlement. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II.