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It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. a. gestalt Figure 2.10. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. 2.2.3.3. 117. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. d. lend itself easily to research. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. c. tertiary prevention. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. b. 146. b. biological. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? The Structure of the Nervous System. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. Chapter Recap. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? b. overgeneralization. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? 37. Over time I learned that attention was good. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. b. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. c. manifest content. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. 53. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. If I do X, then Y will happen. What is that factor? c. gestalt 32. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. b. ego. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. Bacterial and viral infections. d. latency stage. d. displacement. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. Why? The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. 104. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. This might even affect how you interact with them. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). We must try to convert what we see into action. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. d. cognitive-behavioral. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? Is there merit to this view? 89. c. psychosurgery. a. humanistic therapy. 92. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. b. denial. 2.2.3.2. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. b. rationalization. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. c. client-centered c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Communication in the Nervous System. a. cognitive-behavioral A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? This form of learning is called: a. shaping. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). b. anal stage. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. d. free association. 134. 64. c. psychodynamic. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. Postconditioning. 81. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. b. negative transference. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. c. denial. 2.3.2.5. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. Respondent conditioning. c. superego. b. insight. They are tied to experiences early in life. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. b. cognitive-behavioral. b. accepting problematic thoughts. 152. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? 115. a. gestalt This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. b. early childhood trauma. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Preconditioning. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. a. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. 17. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. b. rationalization. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? 141. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. c. resistance. d. transference. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. What is learning? Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. d. ego ideal. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. Conditioning is when learning occurs. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. b. self theory. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. 87. Dealing with anxiety. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. 99. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. a. Perls. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. 41. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. b. existential Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? c. reject thoughts that are not rational. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? d. classical conditioning. 12. 69. 23. How so? 108. What is it? She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. d. create an ideal set of genes. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . 42. 154. bodily sensations. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. c. congenital malformations. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? 71. d. client-centered therapy. b. cognitive-behavioral c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. d. cognitive. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). This is called the absolute refractory period. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. This is called the. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. 95. d. disengagement. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. c. illogical thinking. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. b. 24. The answer is continuous. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. c. operant conditioning. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? The nervous system. 126. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. a. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. Evaluating the behavioral model. Thats all right. a. modeling. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter.