Brazil is the only country in the Americas to have a long-standing monarch. In 1788, Charles III of Spain, a competent ruler, died, and his son Charles IV took over. That concession divided and weakened loyalist opposition to independence in the Americas. Like many of Mexico's 19th-century rulers, Diaz was an army officer who had come to power by a coup. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. In which John Green talks about the many revolutions of Latin America in the 19th century. The American War of Independence, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the many revolutions of Latin America were connected through networks of ideas, trade, and global events that rocked the world over a few dramatic decades. Rejecting compromise and reform, Ferdinand resorted to military force to bring wayward Spanish-American regions back into the empire as colonies. In alliance with Chilean patriots under the command of Bernardo OHiggins, San Martns army restored independence to a region whose highly factionalized junta had been defeated by royalists in 1814. This caused resentment within the privileged classes. This site is created and maintained . However, the revolutions had less positive impacts. . This detailed, sharply written text has stood the test of time. and in that sense was more of a revolution then the American Revolution" ( Armstrong 230). This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 375 pages. Even since most of Latin America gained independence from Spain in the period from 1810 to 1825, the region has been the scene of numerous disastrous civil wars and revolutions. Legal History of the State and Church in 18th Century New Mestizaje and the Legacy of Jos Mara Arguedas, Military Government in Latin America, 19591990, Military Institution in Colonial Latin America, The, Modern Decorative Arts and Design, 19002000, Natural Disasters in Early Modern Latin America. As a result, the counter-revolution has seized the opportunity to retake power. However, in September 1822, San Martn withdrew from the war, which was stuck in stalemate. The struggles that produced independence in the south began even before Napoleons invasion of Portugal and Spain. Bolvar played a minor role in the first declaration of independent government in Caracas in 1811. The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. Other . What were the 3 main causes of the Latin American revolution? User: What was the outcome of the Mexican revolution Weegy: It ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic, was the outcome of the Mexican revolution. Causes of the American Revolution:The Intolerable Acts. The revolutions that took place in the United States, France, Haiti, and Latin America were all influenced by one another. The indigenous world and the word Indian, Conquest society in the central mainland areas, Institutional, legal, and intellectual developments, Spanish America in the age of the Bourbons, The north and the culmination of independence, Political models and the search for authority, Political and economic transitions, 185070, The United States and Latin America in the Cold War era, Latin America at the end of the 20th century. Paraguay declared independence in 1811. These social revolutions entailed a substantial, violent, and voluntarist struggle for political power and the overthrow of the established . The Mexican Revolution, which began on November 20, 1910, and continued for a decade, is recognized as the first major political, social, and cultural revolution of the 20th century. He was a leading Latin American revolutionary leader who was known as ---------. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Economies from Independence to Industrialization. Everything you need for your studies in one place. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Final destruction of loyalist resistance in the highlands required the entrance of northern armies. Continued division between factions favoring centralist and federalist systems of government eventually led to the break-up of Gran Colombia in 1830 into the three separate states of Ecuador, New Granada (later renamed Colombia), and Venezuela. In order to better understand this decade-long civil war, we offer an overview of the main players on the competing sides, primary source materials for point of view analysis, discussion of how the arts reflected . In September of 1783, the United States government and the British Parliament officially agreed to the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution. It also recognized the colonies' independence and drew lines between British Canada and American territory. General Jos de San Martn led an army named the Army of the Andes to defeat them. Flores Galindo, Alberto, ed. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the Polish Argentine Boleslao Lewin, a Jewish refugee of Hitlers Europe, wrote profound and sympathetic accounts. To further muddle things up, Spanish law allowed wealthy people of mixed heritage to "buy" whiteness and thus rise in a society that did not want to see their status change. Although the American Revolution took place first, both America and . Which general invaded and freed Chile and much of Peru? Create and find flashcards in record time. He aligned himself with independence fighter Vicente Guerrero. A Spanish word used to refer to people born in Spain that moved to the colonies. For example, it was much easier for the Americans to gain independence than the Latin Americans because of the unity they manage to take and keep despite the discontent each colonist had against each other . The outcomes of independence movements in Haiti and the Spanish Americas were similar because they both ended successfully and with independence from the colonizing nation, a difference however was that in Haiti the revolution ended with a complete social overhaul and . United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which included most of modern-day Argentina and Uruguay. The movements that liberated Spanish South America arose from opposite ends of the continent. He crossed the Andes into Chile, defeating most royalist resistance there by mid-1818. The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. . You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. By siding with France, Spain pitted itself against England, the dominant sea power of the period, which used its naval forces to reduce and eventually cut communications between Spain and the Americas. Match the revolutionary leaders with their goals or achievements. The highly racist colonial society was extremely sensitive to minute percentages of Black or Indigenous blood. The Spread of Revolution The Latin American Wars of Independence, which took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, were deeply influenced by the American and French Revolutions and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. In a daring move, Bolvar marched his army across the flooded llanos, the plains of southern Venezuela and Colombia during the rainy season, then climbed into the Andes to surprise the Spanish forces at the Battle of Boyac close to Bogot in August 1919. Have all your study materials in one place. However, those profits merely whetted those Creoles appetites for greater free trade than the Bourbons were willing to grant. Fig 3 - Painting by Francsico de Goya depicting the occupatoin of Spain by French armies. Examine the way Americans in the United States used the Latin American Revolutions to understand general principles of liberty, equality and democracy (viewed and fit into their narrative of democratic progress). France owned new territories In South America. In response to the Boston Tea Party, the king imposed the "Intolerable Acts.". In 1811, most of Venezuela and the city of Cartagena took the more radical step of declaring full independence and creating independent states. After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. But the colonies were only allowed to trade with Spain, and at rates advantageous for Spanish merchants. The exhausted rebel leaders signed an armistice in early 1783, but hardline royalists broke the treaty and executed Diego Cristbal in even more horrific fashion than Tupac Amaru and Micaela Bastidas. Leading essays by an international group of scholars on topics ranging from ideology to policy that remain at the analytical forefront in terms of the causes and repercussions of the uprising. Definition and Historical Perspective, The 10 Most Important Events in the History of Latin America, What Is Latin America? ThoughtCo, Apr. As an ally of Napoleon's First French Empire, Spain willingly joined with Napoleonic France and began fighting the British. Many revolutions took years to accomplish. Here are the 5 ways the American Revolution was different from other Revolutions. In 1817 San Martn, a Latin American-born former officer in the Spanish military, directed 5,000 men in a dramatic crossing of the Andes and struck at a point in Chile where loyalist forces had not expected an invasion. Haiti and Latin America share many similarities including their revolutions. The royalists received important reinforcements from Lima in early January. Bolvar continued by freeing the areas of Venezuela and Ecuador still under royalist control, doing so by 1822. Minster, Christopher. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. Meanwhile, fears that Cuba's large slave population would make it a second Haiti also influenced the lack of support for independence among criollo elites there. Bolvar called for the abolition of slavery in 1816, later acknowledging that the people in his home region were a mix of hues and backgrounds. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion raged across the Andes from 1780 to 1783. The Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges, The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and. Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui was a kuraka or ethnic . Despite its Victorian worldview, this is a splendid read. The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. A highly readable account by the 19th-century English geographer and explorer Clements Markham. The Napoleonic Wars began in 1803 and ended in 1815. In addition to Cuba, the Spanish-American War also netted the US Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Outcomes of the Revolution, both long-term and short-term. Unresolved issues from the independence era, especially political differences between liberals and conservatives and centralists and federalists, contributed to instability after independence in many countries. The result of these revolutions was the formation of independent countries in Latin America. But just who were the Creoles? Both Latin American revolutions and the American revolution were different in term of cause and the result it brought with it. The Spanish political tradition centred on the figure of the monarch, yet, with Charles and Ferdinand removed from the scene, the hub of all political authority was missing. 3 main causes of the Latin American revolution were the resentment by Creoles of being denied access to political power, the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and the impact of the French Revolution. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. In the Spanish colonies, the society was made up of distinctive social classes. Charles IV was weak and indecisive and mostly occupied himself with hunting, allowing his ministers to run the Empire. It remained an empire for nearly 70 years. It was only the second independent nation state in the Americas, after the United States. During that time, ten Spaniards and four Creoles from other areas did serve. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro with some 15,000 officials, nobles, and other members of his court, John transformed the Brazilian colony into the administrative centre of his empire. answer choices. Britain, France, and Spain were all significantly affected by the American Revolutionary War, which would, in turn, affect large portions of the globe. After initial victories there, the forces from Buenos Aires retreated, leaving the battle in the hands of local Creole, mestizo, and Indian guerrillas. Others did not suffer during the second half of the 18th century; indeed, the gradual loosening of trade restrictions actually benefited some Creoles in Venezuela and certain areas that had moved from the periphery to the centre during the late colonial era. Although these nations had revolutions, not all of them led to freedom. Andean Contributions to Rethinking the State and the Natio Asian Art and Its Impact in the Americas, 15651840, Baroque and Neo-baroque Literary Tradition, Black Experience in Colonial Latin America, The, Black Experience in Modern Latin America, The, Borderlands in Latin America, Conquest of, Chvez, Hugo, and the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, Colonial Latin America, Crime and Punishment in. They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others. In Brazil and Haiti, circumstances were slightly different but had similar causes of dissatisfaction with the political control of the ruling power. Creoles were upset that they were excluded from the highest government offices under the colonial system, which were reserved only for those born in Spain. But while India's . With the support of Haiti, he returned to his native Venezuela to attempt to free it. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Two things that happened as a result of the Latin American revolutions include the second and third options.. What happened as a result of the Latin American revolutions? It was also largely ostracized from the world community. A narrative history that pays particular attention to the role of the church and Micaela Bastidas, Tupac Amarus wife, as well as violence. AboutTranscript. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Hachette, 1957. The American Revolutionary War took place in thirteen colonies, in North America, an ocean away from its ruling monarchy in Great Britain, in Europe. This is an enormous area that encompasses most of Central and South America and parts of the Caribbean. With a weak ruler and the Spanish military tied up, Spain's presence in the New World decreased markedly and the Creoles felt more ignored than ever. The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and Peninsulares as well as the impact of the French Revolution on the monarchies of Spain and Portugal. Porfirio Diaz. Many Latin Americans began selling their goods illegally to the British colonies and, after 1783, U.S. merchants. By 1810, Spanish America could look to other nations to see revolutions and their results. The Enlightenment clearly informed the aims of dissident Creoles and inspired some of the later, great leaders of the independence movements across Latin America. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Across the Ro de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (Eastern State, later Uruguay). Score 1 User: What economic impact did World War I have on Latin America Weegy: It decreased overall trade with Latin American countries. Download or read book Contemporary Latin American Revolutions written by Marc Becker and published by Rowman & Littlefield. A well-documented study of Viceroy Juregui that has hundreds of pages on Tupac Amaru and the uprising. In Mexico City and Montevideo caretaker governments were the work of loyal peninsular Spaniards eager to head off Creole threats. Although the apologetic views on Spanish repression and his hypercritical opinions on the rebels (he compares Tupac Katari to Idi Amin) are troubling, the book mines official Spanish correspondence like no other. In conclusion, the Latin American Revolutions achieved independence but left complicated legacies and created dynamics that still influence events in the region today. The best synthesis of the Katarista uprisings in Charcas (what became Bolivia) and the Tupac Amaru rebellion. The Latin American Revolutions led to popular sovereignty in the New World. Having had a taste of freedom during their political and economic isolation from the mother country, Spanish Americans did not easily consent to a reduction of their power and autonomy. Iturbide ultimately was forced to abdicate and was later executed after attempting to return to power. After the defeat of Cuban-style revolutionary movements throughout Latin America in the 1960s and the overthrow of Salvador . From the north came the movement led most famously by Simn Bolvar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. In all of these places, independence was achieved by 1826. George Washington sent troops and supplies to help the revolutions get started. When Napoleon turned on his Spanish allies in 1808, events took a disastrous turn for Spain and its dominion in the Americas. One short term outcome occurred when the church land was sold and then afterwards, the Pope had to fight for his religious views and places back. Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. At stake was not only political autonomy per se but also economic interest; the Creole merchants of Buenos Aires, who initially sought the liberalization of colonial restraints on commerce in the region, subsequently tried to maintain their economic dominance over the interior. These differences were cultural and often a source of great pride among Creole families and regions. New men were able to enter public life, both as voters and as elected officials. Learn about some of the most important Latin American Revolution leaders in the table below. Other expeditions took the cause to Upper Peru, the region that would become Bolivia. The revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar is a good example, as he was born in Caracas to a well-to-do Creole family that had lived in Venezuela for four generations, but as a rule, did not intermarry with the locals. He led an army that conquered some areas of south and central Mexico but failed to take Mexico City before he was captured and executed. By 1826, nearly all the Spanish colonies of the Americas had achieved independence. While the Latin American Revolutions' effects established independence, most of the young republics faced continued challenges to stability due to internal political conflicts and enduring racial and economic inequality. Definition and List of Countries, The Federal Republic of Central America (1823-1840), The "Cry of Dolores" and Mexican Independence, Major Battles of Mexico's Independence From Spain. The new nations that were created were locked in internal struggles to create stable governments and economies.. Tupac Amaru returned from the Lake Titicaca in late 1780 to lay siege to the city of Cuzco, Perus second-largest city and still considered the by many to be the Inca capital. Although he surrounded Cuzco with tens of thousands of troops, the rebels could not take the city. During 180810 juntas emerged to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII. the differing responses to those conditions, and the outcomes of the political changes. One of numerous studies by Lewin on Tupac Amaru, this is arguably the best narrative history and still an indispensable guide. In particular, Haiti provided a place of refuge for Simn Bolvar in 1815. This remained the situation when Fernando returned to power in Spain. Made by the author Adam McConnaughhay, a StudySmarter original. Copy. The outcome was a significant realignment of relations between elites and their social inferiors at the state level. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966. May 12, 1780. With these figures of legitimate authority in his power, the French ruler tried to shatter Spanish independence. Haiti's Little-Studied Role on the Other Latin American Revolutions. Unable to preserve any sort of monopoly on trade, the Spanish crown was forced to loosen the restrictions on its colonies commerce. This will have severe consequences for the masses of Bolivia. They were both different yet similar in multiple ways. Elmore, Peter. Markham 1892 is a highly readable account. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. Chile declared itself an independent republic in February 1818. resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. Cuba was given independence, but with limits on its sovereignty that helped contribute to the Cuban Revolution decades later. These divisions aided the reconquest of most of the colony by Spanish general Pablo Morillo from 1814 to 1816. Serulnikov has a sharp eye for comparisons but also avoids getting too bogged down in details. Learn more details about the Latin American Revolutions in this section. 3. el libertador. Zudaire, Eulogio. 12, 2021, thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120. Napoleon caused revolutions in Latin America indirectly. Analyze the relationship between Latin American leaders like Simn Bolvar and the United States. -is the economic impact World War 1 had on Latin America. The United States intervened in the war after the destruction of the USS Maine battleship in Havana Harbor by what, at the time, was believed to be a Spanish mine. Minster, Christopher. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Primary Accounts of the Rebellion and the Period, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Native Presence in Postconquest Central Peru. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. encompasses most of Central and South America and parts of the Caribbean. American Revolution, also called United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War, (1775-83), insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. Meanwhile, Spanish officials and newcomers consistently treated Creoles with disdain, maintaining and further widening the social gap between them. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion raged across the Andes from 1780 to 1783. By . European countries lost valuable lands. Transforming these early initiatives into a break with Spanish control required tremendous sacrifice. One of the more major causes of the American Revolution, the Intolerable Acts were . . A sophisticated and useful overview (translated from Spanish, Revolucin en los andes: La era de Tpac Amaru, 2012), with a foreword by Charles F. Walker. See a bit more about the effects of the Latin American Revolutions here. A former royalist, Agustn Iturbide, changed sides and fought for independence to prevent liberal reforms coming from Spain. This was evident in the assembly that finally proclaimed independence in 1816; that body received no delegates from several provinces, even though it was held outside Buenos Aires, in the interior city of Tucumn (in full, San Miguel de Tucumn). The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. The Haitian Revolution and The American Revolution were similar and different in many ways. The answer is long and complicated, but here are some of the essential causes of the Latin American Revolution. A majority of land was held by the Portuguese followed by the . See answer (1) Best Answer. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. The cycles of revolution and counterrevolution that characterized the Latin American Cold War reached their climax in the outbreak of violent conflicts that engulfed Central America in the 1970s and 1980s.